1 James S. Fishkin, Democracy and Deliberation: New Directions for Democratic Reform (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991).

2 James S. Fishkin, The Voice of the People: Public Opinion and Democracy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995); Bruce Ackerman and James S. Fishkin, Deliberation Day (New Haven and  London: Yale University Press, 2004); James S. Fishkin, When the People Speak: Deliberative Democracy and Public Consultation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009). Bruce Ackerman是耶鲁大学法学院与政治学系双聘教授。

3 Ethan J. Leib, Deliberative Democracy in America: A Proposal for a Popular Branch of Government (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University, 2004).

4 Kevin O'Leary, Saving Democracy: A Plan for Real Representation in America (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006).

5 Bernard Manin, The Principles of Representative Government (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).

6 John P. McCormick, Machiavellian Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011), Chapter 7 “Post-Electoral Republics and the People’s Tribunate Revived,” pp. 170-188。

7 Hélène Landemore, Democratic Reason: Politics, Collective Intelligence, and the Rule of the Many (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012).

8 Hélène Landemore, “Deliberation, Cognitive Diversity, and Democratic Inclusiveness: An Epistemic Argument for the Random Selection of Representatives,” Synthese, No. 190 (2013), pp. 1209–1231

9 Lu Hong and Scott E. Page, “Problem Solving by Heterogeneous Agents,” Journal of Economic Theory, Vol. 97, No. 1 (2001), pp. 123–163.

10 Lu Hong and Scott E. Page, “Groups of Diverse Problem Solvers Can Outperform Groups of High-Ability Problem Solvers,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 101, No. 46 (2004), pp. 16385–16389.

11 J. H. Snider, From Dahl to O’Leary: 36 Years of the “Yale School of Democratic Reform,” Journal of Public Deliberation, Vol. 3, No. 1 (2007), http://services.bepress.com/jpd/vol3/iss1/art9/.

12 Dennis C. Mueller, Robert D. Tollison and Thomas D. Willett, “Representative Democracy via Random Selection,” Public Choice, Vol. 12 (Spring 1972), pp. 57-68.

13 E. S. Staveley, Greek and Roman Voting and Elections (London: Thames & Hudson, 1972).

14 Stephen E. Fienberg, “Randomization and Social Affairs: The 1970 Draft Lottery,” Science, Vol. 171, Issue 3968 (January 1971), pp. 255-261.

15 Peter C. Fishburn, “Acceptable Social Choice Lotteries,” in Hans W. Gottinger and Werner Leinfellner, eds., Decision Theory and Social Ethics: Issues in Social Choice (Boston: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1978), pp. 133-152.

16 Ted Becker, Un-Vote for a New America: A Guide to Constitutional Revolution (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1976), pp. 183-185， 192-193.

17 谷歌学术搜索显示，截止2017年2月7日，这本共被引用5次，除去一次作者自引，两次俄文引用，其余剩下的两次引用来自同一位作者。

18 见他的自传John Burnheim, To Reason Why: From Religion to Philosophy and Beyond (Sydney: Sydney University Press, 2011).

19 John Burnheim, “Statistical Democracy,” Radical Philosophy, No. 27 (1981), pp. 5–12; John Burnheim, “Statistical Democracy: How Is a Socialist Democracy Possible?” Thesis Eleven, No. 3 (1981), pp. 60–71.

20 John Burnheim, Is Democracy Possible? The Alternative to Electoral Politics (Sydney: Sydney University Press, 1985), 可在此下载http://setis.library.usyd.edu.au/democracy/。哈耶克大概是最早发明“Demarchy”这个词的人，但哈耶克赋予这个词的意义是“受到限制的民主”，与本黑姆的用意完全不同，参见F. A. Hayek, “The Confusion of Language in Political Thought,” Occasional Paper, No. 20 (1968), the Institute of Economic Affairs, London, pp. 31-36.

21 Richard G. Mulgan, “Lot as a Democratic Device of Selection,” Review of Politics, Vol. 46, No. 4 (October 1984), pp. 539-560.

22 Ernest Callenbach and Michael Phillips, A Citizen Legislature (Berkeley: Banyan Tree Books, 1985).

 中译本把书名译为“强势民主”，似乎容易引起误解。本杰明•巴伯（彭斌、吴润洲译），《强势民主》（长春：吉林人民出版社，2006年）。

23 Benjamin R. Barber, Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age (Berkeley: University of California Press, [1984] 2003), Chapter 10, “The Real Present: Institutionalizing Strong Democracy in the Modern World,” pp. 261-

24 Barry Holden, “New Directions in Democratic Theory,” Political Studies, Vol. 36, No. 2 (1988), pp. 324-333.

25 James S. Fishkin, The Dialogue of Justice: Toward a Self-Reflective Society (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992).

26 James S. Fishkin, The Voice of the People: Public Opinion and Democracy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995)

27 Barbara Goodwin, Justice by Lottery (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992)

28 W. Paul Cockshott and Allin Cottrell, Towards a New Socialism (Nottingham: Bertrand Russell Press, 1993).

29 John Gastil, Democracy in Small Groups: Participation, Decision Making, and Communication (Philadelphia: New Society Publishers 1993)

30 Ortwln Renn, Thomas Webler, and Peter Wiedemann, eds., Fairness and Competence in Citizen Participation: Evaluating Models for Environmental Discourse (Boston: Kluwer Academic, 1995).

31 Emily Hauptmann, Putting Choice before Democracy: A Critique of Rational Choice Theory (State University of New York Press, 1996).

32 Bernard Manin, The Principles of Representative Government (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).

33 Anthony Barnett and Peter Carty, The Athenian Option: Radical Reform for the House of Lords (London: Demos, 1998).

34 见Imprint Academic 出版社的网页http://www.booksonix.com/imprint/bookshop/category.php?09。

35 研讨会的成果是上文提到的Mark E. Warren and Hilary Pearse, eds., Designing Deliberative Democracy。

36 见研讨会网页http://lapa.princeton.edu/eventdetail.php?ID=243。

37 第一次研讨会的成果被收入Oliver Dowlen and Gil Delannoi, eds., Sortition: Theory and Practice  (Charlottesville, VA: Imprint Academic, 2010)一书。第二次研讨会的主题是“直接民主与抽签”，其论文集可在此下载http://www.cevipof.com/fichier/p_publication/978/publication_pdf_cahier.56.23.pdf。第三次研讨会的广告见http://www.cevipof.com/fichier/p_rencontre/210/rencontre_programme_fr_programmesortition3rd.pdf。

38 研讨会的初步报告可以在此下载http://www.tcd.ie/policy-institute/assets/pdf/Lottery_Report_Oct12.pdf。

39 见Constellations, Vol. 17, No. 3 (September 2010).

40 见Symposium: John McCormick’s Machiavellian Democracy, Good Society, Vol. 20, No. 2(2011).

41 Bruce Ackerman and James S. Fishkin, Deliberation Day (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2004)

42 Jon Elster, Securities against Misrule: Juries, Assemblies, Elections (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013)

43 Sanford Levinson, Our Undemocratic Constitution: Where the Constitution Goes Wrong (and How We the People can Correct It) (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).

44 Neil Duxbury, Random Justice: On Lotteries and Legal Decision-Making (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999)

45 Carole Pateman, “APSA Presidential Address: Participatory Democracy Revisited,” Perspectives on Politics, Vol. 10, No. 1 (March 2012), pp. 7-19.

46 Jane Mansbridg, “Should Blacks Represent Blacks and Women Represent Women? A Contingent ‘Yes’," The Journal of Politics, Vol. 61, No. 3 (August 1999), pp. 628-57; John Parkinson and Jane Mansbridge, eds., Deliberative Systems: Deliberative Democracy at the Large Scale (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012).

47 Jane Mansbridge, “APSA Presidential Address: What Is Political Science For?” Perspectives on Politics, Vol. 12, No. 1 (March 2014), pp. 8-17.

48 Ahmed R Teleb, “Sortition finally in the public eye? A report-back from APSA in Philadelphia,” Equality by Lot, The Blog of the Kleroterians, September 5, 2016, https://equalitybylot.wordpress.com/2016/09/05/sortition-finally-in-the-public-eye-a-report-back-from-apsa-in-philadelphia/.

49 David Van Reybrouck, Against Elections: The Case for Democracy (London: The Bodley head, 2016).

50 Paul Cartledge, “Ancient Greeks would not recognize our ‘democracy’ – they’d see an ‘oligarchy’,” The Conversation, June 3, 2016, http://theconversation.com/ancient-greeks-would-not-recognise-our-democracy-theyd-see-an-oligarchy-60277; Paul Cartledge, “And the lot fell on… sortition in Ancient Greek democratic theory & practice,” March 31, 2016, https://blog.oup.com/2016/03/sortition-ancient-greece-democracy/.

51 Oliver Dowlen, The Political Potential of Sortition: A Study of the Random Selection of Citizens for Public Office (Exeter: Imprint Academic, 2008), pp. 217-218.

52 Detlef Garbe, “Planning Cell and Citizen Report: a report on German experiences with new participation instruments,” European Journal of Political Research Vol. 14, No. 2 (1986), pp. 221-236.

53 参见Ortwln Renn, Thomas Webler, and Peter Wiedemann, eds., Fairness and Competence in Citizen Participation: Evaluating Models for Environmental Discourse (Boston: Kluwer Academic, 1995); Usman Khan, Participation Beyond the Ballot Box: European Case Studies in State-Citizen Political Dialogue (London: UCL Press, 1999); Brian Wampler, Participatory Budgeting in Brazil: Contestation, Cooperation, and Accountability (University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2007).

54 参见Jelke Bethlehem, The Rise of Survey Sampling (Hague: Statistics Netherlands, 2009)。如果说以前对如何抽取有代表性的样本还有争议的话，奈曼在1934年发表的论文被认为在这方面是具有里程碑意义的转折，见Jerzy Neyman, “On the Two Different Aspects of the Representative Method: The Method of Stratified Sampling and the Method of Purposive Selection,” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol. 97, No. 4 (1934), pp. 558-625.

55 James S. Fishkin, Democracy and Deliberation: New Directions for Democratic Reform (New Haven: Yale University Press , 1991)

56 有关商议式民调的试点，见斯坦福大学商议民主研究中心的网站http://cdd.stanford.edu/polls/。实际上，温岭的作法并非是受到费希金理论的启发，而是本土智慧的产物，参见慕毅飞，“温岭公共预算民主恳谈的实践与思考”，见刘平、鲁道夫•特劳普-梅茨编，《地方决策中的公众参与：中国和德国》（上海：上海社会科学院，2009年），第106-115页。除了温岭市的泽国镇以外，近十余年来，江苏无锡市、黑龙江哈尔滨市、上海闵行区、河南焦作市、四川巴中市白庙乡、安徽淮南市、广东佛山市顺德区等地都进行过参与式预算改革，其中有些地方参与群众是由随机抽取的方式产生的，如云南省盐津县的四个镇，参见马骏，“盐津县‘群众参与预算’：国家治理现代化的基层探索”，《公共行政评论》，2014年第5期，第5-34页。

57 Mark E. Warren and Hilary Pearse, eds., Designing Deliberative Democracy: The British Columbia Citizens' Assembly (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008); Patrick Fournier, Henk van der Kolk, R. Kenneth Carty, André Blais, and Jonathan Rose, When Citizens Decide: Lessons from Citizen Assemblies on Electoral Reform (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).

58 罗雅尔建议的英文版见http://www.southsearepublic.org/article/626/read/royals_participative_democracy。

59 Patrick Fournier, Henk van der Kolk, R. Kenneth Carty, André Blais, and Jonathan Rose, When Citizens Decide: Lessons from Citizen Assemblies on Electoral Reform (Oxford: Oxford University 6Press, 2011), pp. 25-26; J.H. Snide, “Citizens Assemblies: A Mechanism for Enhancing Legislative Transparency and Accountability,” June 19, 2007, http://www.w3.org/2007/06/eGov-dc/papers/NAS-eGovernmentPositionPaper.pdf.

60 Björg Thorarensen, “Why the making of a crowd-sourced Constitution in Iceland failed,” Constitutional Making and Constitutional Change, http://constitutional-change.com/why-the-making-of-a-crowd-sourced-constitution-in-iceland-failed/.

61 Björg Thorarense, “Constitutional Reform Process in Iceland: Involving the People into the Process,” paper presented at Oslo-Rome International Workshop on Democracy, November 7-9, 2011, https://www.uio.no/english/research/interfaculty-research-areas/democracy/news-and-events/events/seminars/2011/papers-roma-2011/Rome-Thorarensen.pdf.

62 Paul Fontaine, “Why Does The New Constitution Matter? An Interview With Dr. Lawrence Lessig,” Reykjavík Grapevine, November 11, 2016, http://grapevine.is/mag/interview/2016/11/11/why-does-the-new-constitution-matter-an-interview-with-dr-lawrence-lessig/.

63 Tanja Aitamurto, Crowdsourcing for Democracy: A New Era in Policy-Making (Parliament of Finland, January 2012), http://cddrl.fsi.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/Crowdsourcing_for_DemocracyF_www.pdf.

64 Alan Renwick and Jean-Benoit Pilet, Faces on the Ballot: The Personalization of Electoral Systems in Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), pp. 208-209.

65 抽签过程中共抽取99位成员与99位替补，如果被抽中的成员因种种原因无法到任，则由替补接任。见公民大会官方网站https://www.citizensassembly.ie/en/。

66 Anthony Barnett and Peter Carty, The Athenian Option: Radical Reform for the House of Lords (London: Demos, 1998).

67 Citizens' Assembly project, “Citizens' Assembly Pilots,” http://citizensassembly.co.uk/#.

68 The Political and Constitutional Reform Committee, Do we need a constitutional convention for the UK? March 28, 2013, http://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons-committees/political-and-constitutional-reform/CC-Report-FINAL-to-TSO.pdf; The House of Lords Library Note, “Constitutional Conventions: Possible Options in the New Parliament,” March 20 2015, http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/LLN-2015-008/LLN-2015-008.pdf; Lucinda Maer, “Citizens’ Assemblies and Constitutional Conventions,” House of Commons Library Briefing Paper No. 07143 (July 28, 2016), http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN07143/SN07143.pdf.

69 iSolon.org, “Government Reports & Legislation Completed Citizen Assemblies,” http://jhsnider.net/CitizensAssembly/GovernmentDocuments.htm.