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孔元谈意识形态与帝国政治:战后美国保守主义的演变与危机
关键字: 孔元谈意识形态与帝国政治:战后美国保守主义的演变与危机特朗普美国保守主义美国保守主义演变发展美国共和党政治【注释】
① 在这个意义上,世界政治呈现出全球主义和本土主义的新对峙,而不再是传统的左右之分。在这个基础上,保守主义运动发展为一场带有较强色彩的民族主义运动,见下文详述。参考《经济学人》2016年7月份的封面专题文章,“The New Political Divide,” The Economist, July, 2016。
② Godfrey Hodgson, America in Our Time: From World War II to Nixon—What Happened and Why, Princeton University Press, 1976, pp. 67-98.
③[美]霍华德•津恩:《美国人民的历史》,许先春译,上海人民出版社2001年版,第294页。
④ 同上,第295页。
⑤[英]约翰•米克尔思韦特、阿德里安•伍尔德里奇:《右派国家:美国为什么独一无二》,王传兴译,北京:中信出版社2014年版,第39—42页。
⑥[美] 丹尼尔•贝尔:《意识形态的终结——五十年代政治观念衰微之考察》,张国清译,南京:江苏人民出版社2001年版。
⑦Lionel Trilling, The Liberal Imagination: Essays on Literature and Society, New York: The New York Review of Books, 1950, Preface.
⑧[美]路易斯•哈茨:《美国的自由主义传统》,张敏谦译,北京:中国社会科学出版社2003年版,第49页。
⑨Eric Voegelin, The New Science of Politics: An Introduction, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1952, p. 126.
⑩指的是理查德•韦弗在1948年出版的《观念有其后果》,在其中作者反对现代性带来的理性主义、唯物主义、相对主义和平等主义(大众社会),主张一种超验价值、高级真理和等级社会,他认为美国南方是唯一一个保留了这种可能的地方,这体现为它的有组织的封建社会、骑士法则、绅士风格、质朴老旧的宗教性。参见Richard M. Weaver, Ideas Have Consequences, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1948。
11详见托克维尔1945年在美国出版的《民主在美国》,Alexis De Tocqueville, Democracy in America, translated by Henry Reeve, New York: A. A. Knopf, 1945。
12一个尝试是拉塞尔•柯克在1953年出版的《保守主义心智》中提炼的保守主义的6项原则:第一,信奉神意社会,政治问题归根结底是宗教和道德问题;第二,传统生活的神秘和多样,而不是多数激进体制下狭隘、统一、平等、功利的目标;第三,文明社会需要秩序、等级和权威;第四,财产和自由不可分割,经济平等主义不是进步;第五,传统和习俗能够制约人类的无政府冲动;第六,改革不一定等于变化,草率创新有可能带来悲剧。参见Russell Kirk, The Conservative Mind: From Burke to Eliot, Washington: Regnery Publishing, 2001。
13George W. Carey (ed.), Freedom and Virtue: The Conservative / Libertarian Debate, Wilmington: ISI Books, 1998.
14[英]弗雷德里希•奥古斯特•冯•哈耶克:《自由宪章》,杨玉生等译,北京:中国社会科学出版社1999年版,第575—594页。
15William Buckley, “A Dilemma of Conservatives, ” The Freeman, No. 5 (August, 1954), p. 52.
16James Burnham, “Is Communism Folding Up?” National Review, No. 17 (July 27, 1965), p. 631.
17James Burnham, Suicide of the West: An Essay on the Meaning and Destiny of Liberalism, New York: Encounter Books, 2014.
18Medford Stanton Evans, Politics of Surrender, New York: Devin-Adair Company, 1966, p. 531.
19Charles Malik, “Challenge to Western Civilization,” in Melvin Laird (ed.), The Conservative Papers, New York: Anchor Books, 1964, pp. 5-6.
20James Burnham, The Struggle for the World, New York: The John Day Company, Inc., 1947, pp. 181-182.
21Frank Meyer, In Defense of Freedom and Related Essays, Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1996, p. 19.
22Ibid., p. 39.
23Samuel P. Huntington, “Conservatism as an Ideology,” American Political Science Review, Vol. 51, No. 2(1957), p. 445.
24Donald Critchlow, “Understanding Conservatives,” The Cairo Review of Global Affairs, Vol. 20(2016), pp. 45-47.
25Zack Beauchamp, “A Republican Intellectual Explains Why the Republican Party is Going to Die,” VOX MEDIA, http://www.vox.com/2016/7/25/12256510/republican-party
-trump-avik-roy.
26Michael Lind, “A Tragedy of Errors,” The Nation, February 23, 2004, pp. 23-31.
27Irving Kristol, “What Is a Neoconservative?” in Iring Kristol, Gertrude Himmelfarb, & William Kristol(eds.), The Neoconservative Persuasion: Selected Essays, 1942-2009, New York: Basic Books, 2011, pp. 148-150.
28Irving Kristol, “The Right Stuff,” in Iring Kristol,Gertrude Himmelfarb, & William Kristol(eds.), The Neoconservative Persuasion: Selected Essays, 1942-2009, New York: Basic Books, 2011, pp. 184-185.
29 Michael Harrington, The Twilight of Capitalism, London: The Macmillan Press, 1976, pp. 265-292.
30B. Bruce-Briggs, “An Introduction to the Idea of the New Class,” in B. Bruce-Briggs (ed.), The New Class?, New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1979, pp. 1-18; Peter Steinfels, The Neoconservatives: The Origins of a Movement: With a New Foreword, From Dissent to Political Power, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2013, pp. 198-224.
31一个晚近的著作,参考[美]詹姆斯•C•斯科特:《国家的视角:那些试图改善人类状况的项目是如何失败的》,王晓毅译,北京:社会科学文献出版社2004年版。
32Irving Kristol, “The Neoconservative Persuasion,” in Iring Kristol, Gertrude Himmelfarb, & William Kristol(eds.), The Neoconservative Persuasion: Selected Essays, 1942-2009, New York: Basic Books, 2011, p. 191.
33Irving Kristol, “The Ironies of Neo-Isolationism,” in Iring Kristol, Gertrude Himmelfarb, & William Kristol(eds.), The Neoconservative Persuasion: Selected Essays, 1942-2009, New York: Basic Books, 2011, p. 199.
34Michael Lind, The Next American Nation: The New Nationalism and the Fourth American Revolution, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995.
35Irving Kristol, “The Neoconservative Persuasion,” p. 182.
36Ibid., p. 193.
37Norman Podhoretz, “Making the World Safe for Communism,” Commentary, Vol. 61, Iss. 4 (April, 1976), p. 39.
38Jeane Kirkpatrick, “Dictatorships and Double Standards,” Commentary, Vol. 68 (November, 1979), pp. 34-45.
39George Nash, The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945, Wilmington: ISI Books, 2006, p. 331.
40Paul Gottfried and Thomas Fleming, The Conservative Movement, Woodbridge: Twayne Publishers, 1988, pp. 77-95.
41Tevi Troy, “How GOP Intellectuals’Feud with the Base is Remaking U. S. Politics,” Politico Magazine, http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/04/conservative-intellectuals-gop-base-split-republican-party-213821#ixzz4MPRlRmYM.
42William Kristol & Robert Kagan, “Toward a Neo-Reaganite Foreign Policy,” Foreign Affairs, July/August, 1996.
43[美] 弗朗西斯•福山:《美国处在十字路口:民主、权力与新保守主义的遗产》,周琪译,北京:中国社会科学出版社2008年版,第11页。
44Joseph Scotchie, The Paleoconservatives: New Voices of the Old Right, Piscataway: Transaction Publishers, 1999, p. 2.
45参见Dan Himmelfarb, “Conservative Splits,” Commentary, Vol. 85, Iss. 5 (May, 1988), pp. 54-58。
46Ernest van den Haag, “The War between Paleos and Neos,” National Review, Vol. 41, Iss. 3 (February, 1989), p. 21.
47Samuel Francis, Beautiful Losers: Essay on the Failure of American Conservatism, Columbia:University of Missouri Press, 1993, p. 12.
48Dan Himmelfarb, “Conservative Splits,” Commentary, Vol. 85, Iss. 5 (May, 1988), p. 58.
49Justin Raimondo, Reclaiming the American Right: The Lost Legacy of the Conservative Movement, Wilmington: ISI Books, 2008, p. ix.
50Jeremy Beer (ed.), American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia, Wilmington: ISI Books, 2006, p. 652.
51主要见于塞缪尔•弗朗西斯关于伯恩汉姆的研究文章,如Samuel Francis, Power and History, The Political Thought of James Burnham, Lanham: University Press of America, 1984。一个晚近的表达,参见Julius Krein, “James Burnham’s Managerial Elite,” American Affairs, Vol. I, No. 1 (Spring 2017), pp. 126-151。
52Jeremy Beer (ed.), American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia, Wilmington: ISI Books, 2006, p. 652.
53Ben Wattenberg, The First Universal Nation: Leading Indicators and Ideas about the Surge of America in the 1990s, New York: Free Press, 1992, p. 24.
54William A. Rusher, “Saddam Hussein and Us,” National Review, Vol. 42, Iss. 21(November 5, 1990),p. 60.
55Robert W. Tucker & David C. Hendrickson, The Imperial Temptation: The New World Order and America’s Purpose, New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1992, p. 210.
56Joseph Sobran, “Why National Review Is Wrong,” National Review, Vol. 42, Iss. 20(October 15, 1990), p. 92.
57Russell Kirk, “The Neoconservatives: An Endangered Species,” in Russell Kirk(ed.), The Politics of Prudence, Wilmington: ISI Books, 1993.
58David Frum and Richard Perle, An End to Evil: How to Win the War on Terror, New York: Random House, 2003, p. 163.
59Jeremy Beer (ed.), American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia, p. 423.
60Peter Skerry, “Borders and Quotas: Immigration and the Affirmative Action State,” The Public Interest, No. 96 (Summer 1989), p. 88.
61David Frum, “Unpatriotic Conservatives: A War against America,” National Review, April 7, 2003, pp. 32-40.
62[美]迈克尔•哈特、[意]安东尼奥•奈格里:《帝国——全球化的政治秩序》,杨建国、范一亭译,南京:江苏人民出版社2005年版。
63Noah Rothman, “Will the GOP Reject Their Lifeline?” Commentary, August 29, 2016, https://www.commentarymagazine.com/politics-ideas/campaigns-elections/will-the-gop-reject-lifeline-donald-trump/.
64David Rutz, “Trump: This is the Republican Party, It’s not Called the Conservative Party,” The Washington Free Beacon, http://freebeacon.com/politics/trump-republican-party-not-called-conservative-party/.
65Allum Bokhari & Milo Yiannopoulos, “An Establishment Conservative’s Guide to the Alt-Right,” Breitbart, http://www.breitbart.com/tech/2016/03/29/an-establishment-conservatives-guide-to-the-alt-right/.
66“14”来自于构成“我们必须确保我们人民的生存和白人孩子的未来”句子的英文单词数量(We must secure the existence of our people and a future for white children),“88”是“希特勒万岁”(Heil Hilter)两个英文首字母H在字母表中的顺序。
67Rosie Gray, “How 2015 Fueled the Rise of the Freewheeling, White Nationalist Alt Right Movement,” BuzzFeed News, https://www.buzzfeed.com/rosiegray/how-2015-fueled-the-rise-of-the-freewheeling-white-nationali?utm_term=.yb8EMwMQmW#.gl6Gaga3P8.
68参见两篇关于班农的报道文章,《特朗普首席策略师史蒂夫•班农如何看世界?》,观察者网,http://www.observersnews.com/BuzzFeed/2017_02_13_393920.shtml;《尼克希尔•索纳德:史蒂夫•班农到底想要什么?》,观察者网,http://www.observersnews.com/NikhilSonnad/2017_02_23_395621.shtml。
69“达沃斯党”指代参加每年一度的世界经济论坛(World Economic Forum)的全球精英。由于该论坛在瑞士小镇达沃斯举办,它又被称为达沃斯论坛,这些与会精英也就被称为“达沃斯精英”或者“达沃斯党”。
70[美]理查德•罗蒂:《筑就我们的国家:20世纪美国左派思想》,黄宗英译,北京:生活•读书•新知三联书店2014年版,第64页。
71Hans-Hermann Hoppe, Democracy: The God That Failed, The Economics and Politics of Monarchy, Democracy, and Natural Order, Piscataway: Transaction Publishers, 2001.
72汪晖:《再问“什么的平等“?——论当代政治形式与社会形式的脱节(上)》,载《文化纵横》2011年第5期。
73Klint Finley, “Geeks for Monarchy: The Rise of the Neoreactionaries,” TechCrunch, https://techcrunch.com/2013/11/22/geeks-for-monarchy/.
74Nick Land, “The Dark Enlightenment,” The Dark Enlightenment, http://www.thedarkenlightenment.com/the-
dark-enlightenment-by-nick-land/#part3.
75Gregory Hood, “What is a Cuckservative?” American Renaissance, July 24, 2015, https://www.amren.com/news/2015/07/what-is-a-cuckservative/.
76Mencius Moldbug, “An Open Letter to Open-minded Progressives,” http://unqualified-reservations.blogspot.com/2008/04/open-letter-to-open-minded-progressives.html.
77Nancy Fraser, “The End of Progressive Neoliberalism,” https://www.dissentmagazine.org/online_articles/progressive-neoliberalism-reactionary-populism-nancy-fraser.
78Nick Land, “The Dark Enlightenment”.
79Joshua Mitchell, “A Renewed Republican Party,” American Affairs, Vol. Ⅰ, No. 1 (Spring 2017), pp. 8-9.
80Ernest Mandel, Trotsky as Alternative, New York: Verso, 1995, p. 107.
- 原标题:意识形态与帝国政治:战后美国保守主义的演变与危机 本文仅代表作者个人观点。
- 责任编辑:李泠
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